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The rise of patient advocacy and shared decision-making are transforming breast cancer care.
Shared decision-making is a process whereby the patient and physician participate in the medical decision-making process together. The approach considers all evidence-based treatment options and associated risks, the physician’s expertise, together with the patient’s preferences, values and expectations to arrive at the best treatment plan for the patient. Multiple studies show this collaborative approach improves patient outcomes and satisfaction.
Empowered, self-educated patients are increasingly advocating for themselves, seeking to have a greater voice in their treatment planning. As the only shared decision-making breast cancer app in the World, Breast Advocate® is very proud to be able to facilitate the patient advocacy movement.
Now, patient advocacy is also making positive strides in the research arena. Nowhere has this been more evident than at the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium earlier this month, where patients have become an integral part of the meeting. By participating on panels, asking questions and weighing in on research, patients have “shifted the direction of breast cancer research,” says Dr. Elaine Schattner. “By speaking up, advocates at the meeting have shifted the direction of breast cancer research. Some are alive, improbably, as a consequence of new treatments enabled and promoted by their advocacy.”
Collaboration can only make things better. We look forward to patient advocates having a constant seat at the table at many more scientific meetings!
Patients researching their healthcare options are often told to ensure their physician is “board certified”. This is particularly important in the case of surgery since there is actually no law that prevents a physician, regardless of training, from performing any procedure. This loophole is often exploited by “cosmetic surgeons” who have never received any formal plastic surgery training.
The Medical Board of California (MBC) today unanimously voted against allowing members of the American Board of Cosmetic Surgery (ABCS) to advertise as “board certified” cosmetic surgeons. This is because the ABCS is not a member of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS).
This means that only plastic surgeons certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS) can claim to be board-certified plastic or cosmetic surgeons, as the ABPS is the only plastic surgery board acknowledged by the National Board of Medical Specialties.
While breast reconstruction is not a ‘cosmetic’ procedure, it is a type of plastic surgery. For patients seeking breast reconstruction, finding a plastic surgeon who is board-certified by the ABPS ensures they have the expert training and experience required to perform breast surgery safely.
“This is, frankly, a tremendous relief. California has a large number of cosmetic surgery patients and the most ABCS members of any state, which means it holds the greatest potential for those patients to be misled by advertisements that a doctor is a ‘board certified surgeon’,” says American Society of Plastic Surgeons President Alan Matarasso, MD, FACS in the latest news report coming from ASPS. “Today’s ruling means those patients are less likely to choose a particular provider because they were exposed to a confusing ad. That’s going to make patients safer. Our specialty owes a huge debt of gratitude to all the plastic surgeons who invested their time and talents to help protect our patients.”
Now if only other states would follow suit…
The FDA has announced that breast implants have been linked to a certain type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) known as Breast Implant-associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL).
About 450,000 breast implant procedures (cosmetic and reconstructive) are performed yearly in the US alone. So far, 626 cases and 17 deaths have been reported globally. As of September 2017, the FDA received 414 reports of BIA-ALCL, including 9 patients who died in the US. These numbers are being updated frequently as more cases are diagnosed. Published data on lifetime risk of developing this lymphoma from a breast implant varies widely, between 1 in 3,817 and 1 in 30,000.
Two types of breast implants are used for cosmetic augmentation and breast reconstruction: smooth surfaced and textured. Textured surfaces were introduced to encourage tissue adherence to prevent implants rotating. Currently, all anatomic-shaped implants on the market are textured. Round implants are available as both smooth and textured devices.
Most studies report BIA-ALCL is exclusively associated with textured implants. There have been no confirmed cases developing in patients who have only had smooth implants. There is no doubt the highest risk is associated with the more aggressively textured devices and polyurethane implants.
Symptoms include a large fluid collection developing more than one year after receiving an implant, breast swelling, a breast mass or new onset of breast asymmetry.
“Patients with BIA-ALCL most often develop the disease within eight to ten years of having a textured breast implant placed,” says Dr Mark Clemens, a leading global authority on BIA-ALCL and expert contributor to the Breast Advocate App. “Some patients may have a lump in the breast or armpit. Some patients developed an overlying skin rash or hardening of the breast. Women who develop these symptoms should see their physician to be evaluated with a physical exam and may require further testing… Patients without symptoms do not need to be tested for BIA-ALCL.”
In terms of testing, Dr Clemens explains “patients may receive an ultrasound or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of an enlarged breast to evaluate for fluid or lumps around the implant. If fluid or a mass is found, patients will require a needle biopsy to test for disease. A fine needle biopsy is performed in a clinic by their physician or by an interventional radiologist using ultrasound guidance. Needle biopsies do not require surgery. The biopsy draws fluid from around the implant. This fluid is then tested for CD30 immunohistochemistry (CD30 IHC) by a pathologist. This is the screening test for BIA-ALCL and may take a week for evaluation. CD30 IHC is a common test, can be performed in any hospital and pathology lab, and does not require a specialized center. Some community hospitals may send specimens to a larger academic hospital if the lab results are confusing, suspicious, or indeterminate. Testing for CD30 IHC is required to make a diagnosis or rule out BIA-ALCL and is covered by all health insurance programs because the test is an investigation of a possible cancer.” Fluid collections around a breast may happen without BIA-ALCL and are called seromas. Once BIA-ALCL has been ruled out, a physician can treat a seroma as they normally would.
Early diagnosis and appropriate, prompt treatment including excision of the implant capsule are associated with very high cure rates. Disease re-occurrence is rare after surgical removal for early disease. Some patients can develop metastatic disease, in which case chemotherapy either alone or in combination with immunotherapy, is recommended.
According to the FDA and American Society of Plastic Surgeons, in the absence of any symptoms, there is no need to remove textured implants due to the risk of developing BIA-ALCL at this time. However, patients who are unhappy with their implants do have other options. These include implant revision surgery, or replacement of the implant with the patient’s own tissue (fat grafting or flap surgery).
Triple-negative breast cancer is so called because, unlike more common forms of breast cancer, its cells do not have receptors for estrogen, progesterone, or the HER2 protein.
Triple-negative cancer makes up only about 10-15% of diagnosed breast cancers, but is one of the most aggressive and deadly forms of the disease. It is also more likely to affect younger women under 50. In most cases, triple-negative tumors quickly become resistant to chemotherapy and spread to other parts of the body.
Over the last few years, immunotherapy — a treatment that boosts’ the body’s defenses against infection and diseases — has been gaining ground as a potential therapy for several different types of cancer, including breast cancer.
A recent phase 3 study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, included over 900 women in 41 countries randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: one group received the immunotherapy drug atezolizumab (a monoclonal antibody drug) together with chemotherapy, the other group was given a placebo with chemotherapy.
“In a combined treatment approach, we are using chemotherapy to tear away the tumour’s ‘immune-protective cloak’ to expose it as well as enabling people’s own immune system to get at it” said lead author of the study, Professor Peter Schmid.
Patients who received the immunotherapy drug along with chemotherapy extended overall survival by 10 months, reducing the risk of death or disease progression by up to 40%.
Breast Advocate’s Founder Dr. Minas Chrysopoulo this month had the honor of moderating a panel on the importance of shared decision-making in breast reconstruction at this year’s American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) annual meeting in Chicago. ‘The Meeting’ is the largest plastic surgery meeting in the World and welcomes surgeons from all over the globe. Dr Chrysopoulo had the privilege of being joined on the panel by Breast Advocate co-contributor Dr Hani Sbitany, and patient advocates Terri Coutee and Kirstin Litz.
“Once upon a time, I’d tell a patient their breast reconstruction options and the associated risks and recommend what I thought was best. Then I discovered shared decision-making and it changed my practice forever,” shared Dr. Minas Chrysopoulo.
What exactly is “shared decision-making”?
Shared decision-making is the conversation and information exchange that happens between a patient and their healthcare professional to reach a treatment plan together. The doctor ensures the patient is fully educated about all their treatment options and the associated risks, while the patient shares their preferences, values and any other personal factors that are important in reaching the best plan for the patient.
Shared decision-making flies in the face of the paternalistic approach to healthcare delivery and instead empowers patients to have an equal voice in their treatment planning – It was the driving philosophy behind the creation of the Breast Advocate App.
Listen to the entire shared decision-making presentation here.
Autologous fat grafting, or “lipofilling”, is widely used in conjunction with breast cancer surgery:
1. it can correct partial breast defects after lumpectomy
2. it is used in conjunction with other breast reconstruction techniques to optimize breast contour and improve the final cosmetic results after both implant-based and autologous (flap) reconstruction
3. it is the primary breast reconstruction technique in male breast cancer patients
4. it can fill in contour defects and improve chest soft tissue padding after mastectomy in patients choosing to go flat
Fat grafting has also been shown to improve scar appearance, improve breast pain, and even reverse the soft tissue effects of radiotherapy (such as fibrosis).
The procedure involves liposuctioning from one part of the patient’s body, purifying it and then injected into the breast. It can be performed in conjunction with other breast procedures or as a stand-alone procedure. There are several fat grafting techniques that are used by plastic surgeons. There is no “set way” that has been shown to be the best in terms of long-term results. However, studies have shown that regardless of the technique used, the collection, handling, and transplantation of the fat cells must be optimized to obtain the best long-lasting results.
Despite the associated benefits, fat grafting in patients with a history of breast cancer has been somewhat restricted by 2 main concerns: the fear that it can interfere with breast cancer imaging, and that the regenerative cells could increase the risk of local breast cancer recurrence.
Some of the injected fat can turn hard after lipofilling. This is known as “fat necrosis”. Areas of fat necrosis cause calcifications (macrocalcifications) on mammograms. However, previous studies have shown that these macrocalcifications do not interfere with subsequent detection of breast cancer. The question regarding the risk of recurrence remains a topic of debate due to animal studies that have shown adipose-derived stem cells can stimulate cancer growth in nude mice. Although we don’t truly know whether the interaction between human fat tissue and cancer cells injected in immunodeficient mice can accurately reflect what happens in people, this uncertainty has led to obvious concerns about lipofilling patients with a history of breast cancer, particularly after a lumpectomy.
A recent study aimed to answer whether patients with breast cancer treated with autologous fat grafting are at an increased risk of cancer relapse compared with those who receive conventional breast reconstruction alone. No significant difference in the rate of local recurrence was seen after a 5-year follow-up. These findings confirm the results of previous studies; there is no clinical evidence to suggest that autologous fat grafting increases the risk of local breast cancer recurrence.
Research data pulled from nine separate clinical trials has shown that women choosing to undergo breast conservation (ie lumpectomy and radiation) have an overall rate of local recurrence at 5 years of less than 5%. This statistic compares similarly with mastectomy local recurrence rates.
The study shows “that in the modern era, the rate of local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery is quite low — lower than what has often been used historically to counsel women. These modern-era estimates should be used to inform discussions between patients and surgeons regarding the decision between breast conservation and mastectomy.”
It is important for patients diagnosed with breast cancer to fully discuss all their surgical options with their breast surgeon. They should also consult with a board-certified plastic surgeon before undergoing breast surgery whenever possible. Regardless of whether a patient chooses a lumpectomy or mastectomy, oncoplastic surgery and breast reconstruction options should be offered to all patients and fully discussed prior to any breast cancer surgery.
Breast Advocate App contributor, Dr. Hani Sbitany, discusses an alternative approach to traditional implant-based breast reconstruction in this NY Times article published yesterday.
For the past 30 years, the traditional method of implant-based breast reconstruction involved placing tissue expanders and implants underneath the chest wall muscles. It has been long believed that this muscle coverage offered lower rates of both infection and heavy scar tissue formation (capsular contracture) around the implant.
However, placement of a tissue expander or implant under the main chest muscle (pectoralis major) comes with certain risks to the patient. Specifically, the dissection and stretching of the muscle to fit the implant underneath, may increase the discomfort associated with the reconstruction, due to muscle spasm and tightness. Furthermore, in submuscular reconstruction, the pectoralis muscle heals to the overlying skin of the reconstructed breast, and in some patients moving forward, each contraction of the pectoralis muscle pulls the skin of the breast with it, causing breast animation or hyperanimation. This means that the breast temporarily becomes distorted and moves in an unnatural way when the patient uses her chest muscle.
Now some surgeons are placing the implants on top of the muscle in an effort to reduce complications like pain, weakness and “hyperanimation” deformities that can occur when the chest muscles are flexed. Results so far are extremely encouraging.
After being in remission from breast cancer for a year, Shannen Doherty underwent breast reconstruction surgery in May, reports People magazine.
She chose DIEP flap reconstruction. This procedure uses a patient’s own skin and fat from the lower tummy to recreate the breast following a mastectomy. Because of Doherty’s thin physique, she had to gain a little weight before surgery. The surgeon performed what is referred to as a “Stacked DIEP” which is a great option for thin patients. The “stacked” version of the DIEP flap procedure uses tissue from both sides of the lower abdomen to reconstruct a single breast. The standard DIEP flap procedure uses one side of the abdomen to reconstruct each breast.
Usually, when women select DIEP flap surgery they are looking for the best long-term solution to breast reconstruction since tissue reconstructions age with them — the reconstructed breast(s) gain weight when they gain weight and lose weight when they lose weight. The tissue ages more naturally and, unlike implants, these reconstructions never need to be redone.
It is important for patients to know implants are not the only option for reconstructive surgery. Unfortunately, advanced procedures like the DIEP flap are not offered by all reconstructive plastic surgeons since extensive experience in microsurgery is required to perform these surgeries successfully. Patients must therefore do their homework in finding surgeons with the appropriate expertise.
Black women in the U.S. are 40 percent more likely than white women to die from breast cancer. To address this disparity, the Susan G. Komen breast cancer organization has launched a campaign called “Know Your Girls.”
“The first step to closing this health disparity is to help black women take charge of their breast health by knowing their risk, knowing their bodies, getting screened, and talking with their doctors,” says the organization’s founder, Susan G. Komen. “By giving black women the tools to take charge of their breast health, we hope to help avoid unnecessary breast cancer deaths.”