3 New Genetic Mutations Linked to Male Breast Cancer
Our genes determine everything about our bodies. They play a key role in our health and can determine our likelihood of developing diseases. Some genetic mutations significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The most common mutations associated with breast cancer involve the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. About 10% of male breast cancers are caused by mutations in the BRCA2 gene. Other examples of mutations that increase the risk of male breast cancer include those found in PTEN, PALB2, CHEK2 and NBN genes.
In addition to these well-recognized gene mutations, other very minor changes to our DNA code (known as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) also influence our risk of developing cancer. Unfortunately, these types of changes in our genetic code are much more common than BRCA gene mutations.
Although most genetic research associated with breast cancer risk is derived from studies in women, newly published findings bring insight on the genetic risks of developing breast cancer in men. A UK study, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute looked at the genotypes of 1,380 men diagnosed with breast cancer.
Results revealed that 3 new SNPs were significantly associated with an increased risk of male breast cancer. One of these SNPs is located on chromosome 6 (rs9371545), and two are located on chromosome 11 (rs554219 and rs78540526). These SNPs increase the risk of developing breast cancer in men by about 47%, 45%, and 61% respectively. Consistent with the predominance of ER-positive tumors in men, genetic correlation was strongest between male breast cancer and ER-positive female breast cancer. Although these genetic mutations are also linked to an increased breast cancer risk in women, the 3 new SNP variants have a greater impact on men.
Improved Decision-Making
While there is still a lot of research still needed, these findings can aid in the development of better risk assessment for men. For those choosing to undergo genetic testing, test results can help quantify individual risk and help guide treatment decision-making around risk-reducing options.
“This study, which shows more of a similarity between the genetic causes of the disease in men and women than previously thought, is a major step forward,” shared Dr Simon Vincent, director of research services at Breast Cancer Now. “Our knowledge of breast cancer in men is limited, because male breast cancer is rare which makes it difficult to collect enough tissue or blood samples to research and understand the disease. We now look forward to further research into the shared genetic causes of male breast cancer which could lead to developing risk reducing treatments and interventions to help prevent more cases among those at increased risk in the future.”
Potential Impact of Delays in Breast Cancer Surgery On Patient Outcomes During COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting many breast cancer patients and their surgical treatment plans across the globe. Many patients today are reporting delays in their breast cancer surgery due to the limitations in place by local governments to help ease the burden on the healthcare system created by COVID-19. The impact of these delays has raised concerns from patients and medical professionals about the long-term impact on patient health. A new study published in the Journal of American College of Surgeons attempts to provide some better understanding.
To gain insight into the effects of surgical delays on early-staged breast cancer patients, the researchers used the National Cancer Database to analyze breast cancer patients treated between 2010 and 2016. About 379,000 patients in the database underwent breast cancer surgery following a diagnosis of DCIS or early-stage (cT1-2N0) ER+ disease. The study evaluated whether longer times between diagnosis and surgical treatment had an impact on 5-year survival rates and cancer staging.
The authors of the study concluded that for women with early-stage breast cancer who had to delay their surgical care due to COVID-19, there should be no impact on overall survival.
The published research also noted there was no negative impact to survival for patients with estrogen sensitive, early-stage breast cancer who were taking tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors as part of their treatment plan. Interestingly, patients with invasive early-stage breast cancer who had to delay their surgical treatment did not have an increased rate of pathologic upstaging (or a higher cancer stage diagnosis after surgery). Women with ER+ DCIS have a slightly higher risk of upstaging with surgical treatment delays of over 60 days. Similarly, patients with ER- DCIS have a higher risk of upstaging if surgical cancer treatment is delayed more than 120 days. However, even with the elevated risk in upstaging for the DCIS patient populations, there was no impact on their overall survival.
Although these findings cannot accurately account for the delays experienced by patients being treated during the COVID-19 pandemic, this information provides some reassurance for surgeons and their patients dealing with delays in breast cancer surgery.
Does Knowing Your BRCA Status Increase Your Chances of Survival after a Breast Cancer Diagnosis?
Having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation increases your risk of developing breast cancer during your lifetime by up to 80%. There are many reasons why you may choose to have or not have genetic testing. However, new research suggests there is a survival benefit associated with knowing that you carry a BRCA1/2 gene mutation.
A recent JAMA study evaluated the connection between patients’ knowledge of their BRCA gene status, and their overall survival after a breast cancer diagnosis. The study analyzed 105 women with breast cancer between 2005 and 2016. Forty-two women knew they were carriers of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Sixty-three women only discovered their BRCA status after they were diagnosed with breast cancer. Both groups of women had a similar age at the time of their breast cancer diagnosis. There were no significant differences in hormone receptor status of the tumors in between groups.
Earlier Stage at Diagnosis and Improved Survival
The study found a significant difference between the two groups of women in terms of the breast cancer stage at the time of diagnosis. In the women who knew they carried a BRCA gene mutation, 80.9% had DCIS or a stage 1 cancer at diagnosis, and only 9.5% had a stage 2 breast cancer or higher at diagnosis. In women who did not know their BRCA status, only 30% had an early stage cancer at diagnosis, whereas 52.4% were diagnosed at stage 2 or higher.
‘Knowledge is Power’
Compared to women who knew their BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic status prior to their breast cancer diagnosis, women who learned their positive gene status after diagnosis were 12 times more likely to have an advanced stage breast cancer at the time of diagnosis. Likewise, 5 year survival was significantly higher for women who knew their BRCA genetic status prior to their breast cancer diagnosis.
Personal Choice
There are pros and cons to every decision, and deciding whether you should have gene testing is no different. There is no “right” or “wrong” and ultimately the decision is a very personal one. Anyone who is considering gene testing should consult with a gene counsellor first to fully discuss the implications of testing ahead of time. There is no point getting a test if you are not prepared to make a decision based on the results.
This study provides some additional helpful information to consider in your decision-making: women who are aware of their BRCA1/2 status have a greater chance of having an earlier stage breast cancer at the time of their cancer diagnosis and living longer, compared to women who carry a BRCA genetic mutation but are unaware.
Managing Breast Cancer Care in the Time of COVID-19
As COVID-19 hotspots continue to appear across the US, it is important for breast cancer patients to know that although some aspects of their treatment plan may continue to be delayed, they are not being forgotten. As more studies about the risks for cancer patients during the pandemic continue to emerge, so has professional medical consensus for safe cancer management and treatment.
The American Society of Breast Surgeons has published recommendations to help guide physicians and their patients through the common scenarios many people now unfortunately found themselves in:
● How do we care for our asymptomatic but high-risk patients presenting for office visits in the post-COVID era?
● How do we handle the backlog of patients whose surgical treatment was delayed due to the pandemic?
● As our operating rooms reopen, how should patients who were placed on endocrine therapy prior to definitive surgery be managed?
● As we emerge from the pandemic, how do we manage patients who have already begun neoadjuvant chemotherapy?
● How do we manage a patient who is not a candidate for breast conserving surgery but is ready for their operation?
It is important for breast cancer patients to understand their treatment plans can be regionally impacted based on local infection rates, available hospital capacity, ICU capacity and the number of available ventilators. Although it can be extremely frustrating, delaying breast cancer surgery is for the safety of patients and will never be delayed if postponement would cause a negative impact on overall survival.
If patients have questions or concerns about regional guidelines as it pertains to breast cancer surgery and/or breast reconstruction, it is very important to reach out to the medical care team directly.
For more information on COVID-19 and breast cancer, continue reading HERE.
COVID-19 Patient Outcomes After Breast Cancer Treatment
Scientists and medical professionals are continuing to learn more about the new Coronavirus strand that has changed our world today. For breast cancer patients, compromised immune systems following treatment place them in the “high risk” category for contracting COVID-19. Likewise, they may also have a higher risk of developing more sever symptoms. However, a recent study sheds a small positive light in the otherwise overwhelming reality of the current pandemic. The study analyzed COVID-19 mortality among patient who had undergone previous breast cancer treatment.
Seventy-six breast cancer patients were enrolled in the study, of which 59 had COVD-19. Of the positive coronavirus enrollees, 37 had metastatic breast cancer, 28 required hospitalization, 6 required admittance to the ICU and 4 died. Results showed COVID-19 deaths were more likely due to other comorbidities rather than current or previous breast cancer treatments. Of those patients who sadly lost their lives, all had significant noncancer comorbidities including hypertension, obesity, diabetes and heart disease.
“While our study cannot determine the incidence of COVID-19 infection among breast cancer patients, the small number of diagnosed cases suggests that breast cancer patients do not appear to be at higher risk than the general population,” the authors of the study share in the findings summary. “Importantly, we found no trend in favor of a relationship between a history of breast and lymph node radiation therapy, radiation therapy sequela, and radiologic extent of disease or outcome.”
Although breast cancer patients need to take every precaution possible to reduce the risk of contracting and spreading COVID-19, if a positive diagnosis does occur, prior breast cancer treatment will likely not impact recovery.
According to the CDC’s guidelines, it is very important we all take the following steps to reduce the risk of contracting and/or spreading COVID-19:
- Wash your hands often
- Avoid close contact with others
- Cover your mouth and nose with a mask or cloth covering when around others, especially indoors
- Cover all coughs and sneezes
- Clean and disinfect surfaces regularly
- Be alert for symptoms and take your temperature regularly
The Financial Burden of Breast Cancer
One in every 8 women in the US will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime, and 2,000 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer this year. Treatment options, new drugs, surgical advances and breast reconstruction options are all commonly discussed within the breast cancer community. A topic that is not discussed enough is the financial burden, or ‘financial toxicity’ that comes with a breast cancer diagnosis. Financial toxicity is defined as the impact of direct and indirect health care costs that lead to significant financial burden for patients and their caregivers, resulting in increased psychosocial distress, diminished patient outcomes, and a poorer quality of life.
Breast cancer treatment plans can consist of a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, surgery to remove the cancer (lumpectomy or mastectomy), and breast reconstruction. Ideally, patients work closely with their medical team using the process of shared decision-making to determine which plan best fits their individual diagnosis, situation, preferences and goals. However, for many patients, treatment decisions are influenced not by their medical team’s recommendations, but more by the associated costs.
In a published survey of over 600 women, 28% admitted the cost of treatment influenced their treatment decisions. 35% also reported having financial hardships following the completion on their breast cancer treatments. 78% of responders never even discussed costs with their cancer team. These findings likely underestimate the severity of financial toxicity associated with breast cancer due to the lack of diversity within the survey.
A recent analysis of published studies found that few cancer survivors receive financial information and support from healthcare facilities during their initial treatment, despite the widespread impact of cancer-related costs on patients’ health and quality of life.
It should not be assumed that the financial hardship caused following a cancer diagnosis is limited to those without insurance. Even with insurance, high out-of-pocket costs for breast cancer patients can include copayments, deductibles, and coinsurance responsibilities. Cancer treatment can also affect individuals and their care taker’s ability to work, reducing household incomes. For patients who must travel long distances for their cancer care, travel related costs (such as gas, hotel, food, flights) can also add up very quickly.
How can you reduce the financial burden of breast cancer?
1. Discuss costs with your medical team up front.
It is important when discussing treatment options with your healthcare team to be aware of up-front and out-of-pocket costs. Being prepared before beginning treatment can help you plan and budget for the additional costs.
2. Research options that may help you maximize your existing insurance.
Speaking with your HR department or a hospital financial adviser may provide insight to options available to help you get the most out of your insurance, including help with deductibles and co-pays. One such example is the Patient Advocate Foundation.
3. Reach out to non-profit organizations.
There are many national and local breast cancer organizations providing financial assistance to patients (and their families) in need. To find organizations in your area, talk with your medical team and check out the financial assistance tab in the Resources section within the Breast Advocate App – download it here.
Screening Mammograms Shown to Reduce Deaths Caused by Advanced Breast Cancer
There is a constant debate on whether screening mammograms offer a significant benefit to patients.
In the American Cancer Society journal, CANCER, a Swedish study has found that early mammogram screenings can significantly reduce the number of deaths from metastatic breast cancer.
The study evaluated 549,091 women, covering approximately 30% of the screening‐eligible population in Sweden. The results showed that women who had regular screening mammograms had a statistically significant 41% reduction in their risk of dying of breast cancer within 10 years, and a 25% reduction in the rate of advanced breast cancers, compared to individuals who did not participate in mammogram screenings. According to the study, these benefits appeared to be independent of recent changes in patient treatment regimens.
The study concludes that the “benefits of participating in mammography screening are truly substantial and save lives through early detection, lives that otherwise would have been lost under the prevailing therapy at the time of diagnosis.”
This study offers encouraging insight into the benefits of regular breast cancer screening. It is important for both women and men to discuss their overall risk of developing breast cancer to determine the best time to begin screening, and how often they should be screened.
Performing monthly at-home self-breast exams is also a very important, free screening tool everyone should practice in addition to regular radiologic screening. However, this should not replace the imaging screening recommended by your healthcare team.
If access to care or cost is keeping you from following through with your recommended breast cancer screening appointment, please check out the Financial Assistance tab within the Resource section in the Breast Advocate app.
Breast Advocate Founder Joins BRAVE Coalition to Discuss Rescheduling Elective Breast Surgery After COVID-19
Why is there so much confusion on whether elective cases (including breast reconstruction) can start to resume?
Yes, there’s lots of confusion, especially as it relates to a hospital setting versus other surgery centers. Obviously, a lot of a lot of plastic surgeons operate either out of their offices or they have operative suites. Many of them have surgery centers or ambulatory surgical centers. There has been a lot of mixed messaging and some confusion for sure.
For us [in San Antonio], we are operating again. I am very happy with the procedures in place at the local hospitals in terms of testing. I am one of those who believes that we need testing for all patients. Personally, I would not be comfortable offering [breast reconstruction] surgery to people right now without pre-operative COVID-19 testing. There are pros and cons to every approach but that’s just my take.
We must have consistent, good, safe practices and protocols for everyone. Specifically, the surgical community fears operating on asymptomatic positive patients (someone who is positive who doesn’t know it because they’re not showing any symptoms). There’s some data out there that suggests that positive patients who are asymptomatic are at higher risk of developing post-operative complications. You’ve got to take that data seriously.
There was a study out of China that looked at elective patients having surgery (various specialties not just breast reconstruction). They looked at patients who were actually, in retrospect, positive for COVID-19 but at the time hadn’t shown any symptoms so they would have passed all verbal screening measures. Many of those patients ended up getting complications after surgery that otherwise you wouldn’t have expected them to have. There was a very high rate of pneumonia and mortality. Mortality was actually 20%. There’s lots of other data you have to take into account too. What’s the risk of someone being an asymptomatic carrier, what’s the rate of infection in the community…?
In San Antonio, only 10% of people being tested for COVID-19 are coming back positive. But, without mass testing you don’t know what the baseline rate of infection is.
There is a school of thought that’s a lot less restrictive… If you have a low risk patient who hasn’t had any obvious exposure, who passes all the verbal screening and physical screening (no symptoms, normal temperature, normal oxygen saturation on a pulse oximetry)… you don’t need testing on that person. That’s a track that some surgeons are pursuing and there’s definitely some value and an argument to pursue that line, and to reserve testing for only the high-risk group.
I don’t want people to take away from this that if your surgeon doesn’t test you pre-operatively, then you shouldn’t be having the surgery…that’s not what I’m saying. You have to take into account your individual situation, the geographic location, what’s going on where you are, and just have a very honest conversation with your surgeon, and talk about the protocol [they’re using].
FDA Approves New Drugs For Metastatic Breast Cancer
There was very hopeful news this week for many patients with metastatic (stage 4) breast cancer.
The FDA has approved the use of the drug Tukysa (tucatinib) in combination with chemotherapy (trastuzumab and capecitabine) for the treatment of locally advanced HER2+ breast cancer that can’t be removed with surgery, or for stage 4 disease (including brain metastasis) in patients who have already received one or more prior treatments. In trial studies, 33% of patients treated with Tucatinib in combination with chemotherapy did not see their cancer progress in the first year and 2-year survival after starting treatment was 44.9%.
Based on the favorable results of a recent phase 2 study, the FDA also announced a fast-tracked approval of the drug Trodelvy (sacituzumab govitecan-hziy). The drug is specifically for patients with relapsed or refractory metastatic triple-negative breast cancer who have received at least two prior therapies for metastatic disease. According to the manufacturer, the drug specifically targets the receptor that encourages cancer growth and spread in the body. The study for Trodelvy included 108 patients. More that half of patients with stage 4 disease who responded to the drug maintained their response for six months or more. Some patients also experienced reduced tumor sizes. Encouragingly, 16.7% of patients maintained their positive response to the drug for a year or more.
As always, before beginning any new therapy, it is important to fully discuss all the potential benefits and side effects with your medical oncologist.
Breast Advocate Founder Answers Your COVID-19 Breast Cancer and Breast Reconstruction Questions
Breast Advocate founder Dr. Minas Chrysopoulo recently answered patient questions on all things COVID-19 and breast cancer/breast reconstruction live on Facebook. During the educational hour, ‘Dr. C’ touched on topics ranging from how Coronavirus is spread, who is at high risk and the impact this outbreak is having on breast cancer surgery and breast reconstruction scheduling. Catch the replay here…
Question: What is COVID-19?
Answer: COVID-19 is the disease caused by the Coronavirus. The formal medical name for the Coronavirus is “SARS CoV-2”. It’s important to note that this virus has nothing to do with the flu. It’s been compared to the flu, but it’s not actually a type of flu. It’s not an influenza virus (the virus family that causes the flu), but some of the initial symptoms can be similar. The symptoms of a COVID-19 infection can be fever, a dry cough, shortness of breath especially on exertion (if you’re doing something that’s usually easy and all of a sudden you’re a bit short of breath, then this may be the first symptom you have), fatigue, poor appetite, headache, and some people also have GI symptoms like diarrhea. Please don’t go and hoard toilet paper…there’s really no need! It’s important to bear in mind too that at least 25% of people who become infected with the coronavirus never develops symptoms. That’s why social distancing is really important! Stay six feet from anyone when you leave the house. Obviously inside the house with your loved ones it’s very difficult to stay six feet away and there’s really no need to social distance from them, unless there’s a concern a family member has been exposed. In that case, please try at all costs if it’s possible to separate that individual from the rest of the family.
A lot has been made of the fever because it’s such a common symptom. However, you don’t need to have a fever to have COVID-19. In fact, all of those symptoms I mentioned above can occur on their own. For example, I have a very close friend who was recently admitted to hospital for care and he just felt fatigued for many days before the shortness of breath started. He never actually had a fever at all and we are hearing about more and more of those cases.
Question: How is COVID-19 spread?
Answer: First and foremost, this is a respiratory disease. The virus attacks your lungs first before it attacks anything else. That’s how it really tries to get a hold of your body, through your lungs. Coughing, sneezing and even breathing can spread the virus. Anything that releases droplets into the air can spread the virus. That’s why social distancing is really being emphasized because the best way to protect yourself is to stay away from others — at least six feet. You can also develop the inflection through touching someone who’s infected or by coming into very close contact… The virus can get on your hand and then enters your body when you touch your face. If you touch your mouth, your nose or your eyes that’s how the virus gets into your system, because it was on your hand.
Coronavirus can stay alive outside the body for many hours, and depending on the surface, up to many days. Metal surfaces in particular can have corona virus on them (eg doorknobs and shopping carts). The virus can stay on metal up to 3-5 days according to some studies. When you look at the cruise ship data, there’s some evidence that the virus can live up to nine days. If that’s true it probably has to do with environmental conditions like sunlight and heat. We just don’t know quite frankly, but what we do know is the virus survives on metal for at least three days. So if you have to go to the grocery store wipe down the cart. I would also recommend that you wear gloves. There’s been a shift in terms of the recommendations for face masks. Initially the CDC and the World Health Organization stance was that you didn’t need to wear a face mask unless you were sick. The reason for that being that face masks really weren’t that protective if you weren’t sick already and the reason to wear a mask was basically to keep the virus to yourself and to prevent spreading it. But I’m sure those of you who have been watching the news and the images from around the world from the countries that have dealt with the virus more successfully than the US (places like South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore), the public is walking around with masks. Now the sense is that there’s something to that and even though face masks won’t protect you 100%, the recommendation now has shifted. I would say if you’re going out to a store or grocery store wear a mask of some sort. If you don’t have a mask wear a bandanna over your nose and your mouth. It’s better than nothing. I do feel very strongly that we have to prioritize the safety of our first-line health care workers. A lot of them are dealing with patient after patient who are infected. Our first-line health care workers must be prioritized in terms of surgical face masks and other personal protective equipment. But, in terms of what our patients should do…if you have a cloth mask at home — use it.
Question: What can individuals do to protect themselves?
Answer: In addition to what we’ve just said, think about what you’re touching. Hopefully you’re all social distancing and are staying at home. If you’re not, you should be. It’s the only way to stop the transmission. If you think about people as dominoes, when you line up dominoes and then you flick the first one, each domino falls over one after another after you flip the first. Now imagine each domino is a person. The virus spreads from person to person, just by being close to each other. The first person who gets infected potentially infects three other people. The only way to stop the dominoes from falling is to move a couple of dominoes out of the way so that when a domino falls it doesn’t touch the next one and doesn’t push the next one over. That’s how social distancing works — the infection stays in those who are infected, doesn’t spread, and eventually it dies out and that individual hopefully gets better. Most people do get better! For 20% of people who get symptoms, the symptoms are mild. Another 20% of folks will have more severe symptoms but probably won’t need to be hospitalized. It’s only about 10-15% of people who get the infection that will need hospital care and of those, it’s about 5% that will have severe breathing problems that will potentially need the intensive care unit and ventilator support.
Question: Who is at risk for developing severe symptoms?
Answer: The elderly and people with underlying medical problems are most at risk. This includes those who have compromised immune systems. So obviously, patients with cancer are very much on that high-risk list. Now, if you’re a ten-year survivor or you’re ten years out from chemo, you’re not considered immunocompromised anymore and you’re not high risk. But, if you’ve just finished chemotherapy you’re high risk. If you’re going through cancer treatment right now, if you have a current cancer diagnosis — you’re high risk. If you’re over 60 yrs old, you’re high risk. If you have underlying medical problems like heart disease, lung disease, kidney disease, diabetes, asthma,.. you’re at high risk. So, you must protect yourself and really minimize your contact with the outside world. Minimize doctor visits as much as you can. Obviously, that’s impossible if you’re still undergoing cancer treatment and you need to go in to see your oncologist. But, if you’ve finished treatment or you’re not getting active treatment right now, don’t go for a routine screening mammogram or ultrasound. All those things can wait. The American Society of Breast Surgeons has recommended very strongly that all screening tests to be postponed.
Question: Why have hospitals cancelled breast reconstruction surgeries?
Answer: There are a bunch of recommendations now from American societies, including the American College of Surgeons, the American Society of Breast Surgeons and the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Any breast cancer care that doesn’t involve surgery is essentially being prioritized wherever it’s safe to do so. If there’s any possible way you as a breast cancer patient can be treated right now without surgery initially, without it impacting your prognosis, then that’s the recommendation. For example, if your cancer can be controlled by hormone therapy, an aromatase inhibitor or you can have neoadjuvant chemotherapy first before your surgery, all that’s going to be prioritized. We want to keep people out of hospital as much as possible. The last thing breast cancer patients who are immunocompromised need is to go into surgery and be exposed to the virus. As I said, this affects your breathing, your lungs,.. your respiratory system. The last thing you want to do is go in for a surgery that could have potentially been delayed a little bit and then you end up on a ventilator because you contracted the virus. This is also about preserving resources to get all the COVID-19 infected patients through this and minimize the death rate. But please know, this decision from our societies in terms of breast cancer care is to protect you. Please remember that as a result, breast reconstruction (because the surgery is not immediately life-saving) is going to be postponed. Certainly here in Texas that’s the position. Ultimately your situation will depend on your diagnosis, stage and where you live (depending on the geographic situation and how bad things have gotten). It may also depend on your state laws. There have been several state laws that have been passed that prevent certain surgeries. Please talk to your medical team your and your surgical team about your specific situation. But generally-speaking, breast reconstruction is on hold because it’s not immediately life-saving. Unfortunately that really does prolong the process for many people. Lots of patients have now been caught in limbo but you will get through this. You will get your surgery. I don’t know when things are going to be back in terms of scheduling. Certainly for us, we’re looking at this in two week increments moving forward and it’s a very fluid situation. The infection numbers are changing, the projections are changing. It’s a day-by-day thing. We just have to prioritize everyone’s safety.
Question: When will people being rescheduled for surgery?
Answer: All I can say right now is people will be rescheduled as soon as it’s safe to do so.
Question: Can you get the virus again if you’ve already been diagnosed?
Answer: We think that if you get it once that you’ll be okay for this season. I mentioned at the beginning that coronavirus has been compared to the flu. In terms of immunity, it probably is quite similar. When you get the flu it doesn’t mean you can never get the flu again, but it does mean that if you do get the flu again it won’t be quite as severe. Your immune system does protect you somewhat for the following season. Obviously the flu shot is a big help! I’m not going to get into the whole pros and cons of vaccination. Personally everyone in my family will always be vaccinated because vaccines work. But let’s not talk about the pros and cons of vaccines here. Hopefully the vaccine for coronavirus or for COVID-19 will be available soon. When you look at how long it takes to develop a vaccine (and several companies are working on it already), realistically it’s not going to appear I don’t think before the beginning of next year at the very earliest. It looks like if you get COVID-19 now you should be okay and you probably not at risk of getting it again for a while. But we don’t know for sure how long can someone be a carrier. I don’t know the answer to that because without widespread testing we don’t know who is a carrier so we don’t know how long they’ve been carrying it. If you look at the lifespan of the disease, if you get through two weeks (which is why for folks who are in quarantine it’s two weeks to make sure that it that they don’t develop any symptoms) we think the virus kind of burns itself out. There have been a small percentage of people who have become infected and ultimately didn’t develop symptoms until beyond two weeks but that’s only about 1% of people who have been infected as far as we know.
Question: Is there any medicine that we can take to help?
Answer: No treatments have been proven to be reliably effective so far. Obviously there’s a lot of hope being put on hydroxychloroquine, a z-pack, and zinc as a cocktail but the data on that is very poor to be honest. In terms of vigorous scientific data, if you develop symptoms the only thing you can do really it’s make sure you stay well hydrated, and make sure you’re still eating as much as you can, and stay mobile. Don’t stay in bed. It’s supportive measures only really.
Question: Is there a blood test for antibodies to determine if you’ve already had COVID-19?
Answer: Yes. It’s coming. It’s not going to be widely available for a while, but yes.
Question: If someone completed radiation treatments eight years ago and they are 65 and they have a compromised immune system should they be going to work?
Answer: I wrote an article that’s published on BreastAdvocateApp.com. It’s about what coronavirus is and what breast cancer patients should know. There’s a whole list of precautions and advice, and one of those is if there’s any way you can work from home, do it. Again going back to social distancing…you know we’re at the point where this isn’t going to go away on its own. There cannot be life as usual. The best thing anyone can do to protect themselves is limit their risk of exposure. The only way to do that is to stay home and leave the house only when you absolutely must. When you go out be a minimum of six feet away from everyone. That means most people should be staying at home and working from home if that’s at all possible. Now I fully appreciate that unless it’s mandated by your individual state it’s very much left up to your employer, but please push it as much as you can to work from home.
Question: I was supposed to have prophylactic surgery this year but it’s been postponed. Should I ask my doctor about going on tamoxifen?
Answer: That’s a great question. Anyone who has a high-risk gene mutation, anyone who carries a gene mutation like the BRCA mutation (which is obviously the best known but certainly not the only one), should talk to their physician about steps that they can take that don’t involve surgery to see them through, until the point where they can get the risk-reducing surgery they want. Please also remember that non-surgical methods of risk reduction are chosen by a lot of people right off the bat. It’s a very valid way to go to decrease your risk. As I mentioned earlier, the screening aspect of it is going take a hit for the next few months, but you can definitely go on risk reducing medications like tamoxifen if you choose. That’s another option.
Question: If it does not impact prognosis and local hospital resources allow for a choice between hormone therapy or a mastectomy is it still preferable to opt for immediate mastectomy with DIEP flap later?
Answer: Well if it doesn’t impact your prognosis then you can also look at it the other way and ask, ‘why have the mastectomy if that can be delayed.’ From a strictly cosmetic standpoint, immediate reconstruction is going to be better. In some places you can still have your mastectomy and have a tissue expander placed. The tissue expander preserves the skin envelope and you can later have that expander exchanged for your DIEP flap, so in that sense you do get an extra surgery because the DIEP flap and the mastectomy aren’t being performed at the same time, but the tissue expander is used as a bridge between the two. Whether that’s an ‘acceptable’ way to go or not will depend on where you are and the situation.
Question: Once we get back to normal and you are allowed again to do surgery, how long would it take to be scheduled again?
Answer: Great question! But I don’t really know. I promise and surgeons across the globe will get everyone in as soon as they can. Unfortunately, some of you will have to wait a little bit longer then you want to wait, but we’re going to get everyone through as soon as physically possible. I promise!
Question: What is your advice for staying healthy while patients are waiting for the DIEP flap procedure and sheltering in place?
Answer: Great question! Nutrition and exercise! Don’t start any bad habits. Don’t start smoking. You can still drink, just use your best judgment and also obviously follow your medical oncologist’s guidelines in terms of alcohol because you may be on some other medications…it depends on what part of your treatment you’re in, etc. Just try to eat as healthy as possible and exercise. Aerobic exercise always improves healing so try and get some exercise in if you’re waiting for a DIEP flap. Specifically remember what your surgeons told you in terms of where you are with your specific weight. Sometimes losing a significant amount of weight can hurt you in terms of the DIEP flap procedure and how much tissue can be moved, and how much tissue there is to work with,.. or any other flap procedure for that matter. So I wouldn’t necessarily prioritize weight loss but I would prioritize healthy living as much as possible.
Question: What should individuals do about abdominal wounds that aren’t healing properly during this time?
Answer: It depends on the practice that you’re in, who your physician is and how they do it, but I’ll tell you how we’re doing it in my practice, PRMA. If one of my patients has a wound healing problem, the first thing we’re going to do is get on a telehealth visit and take a look at things to see how things look. Not all healing problems are the same, so if we see that it’s just a little bit of superficial scabbing or something like that, then a little TLC is all the patient needs. That person isn’t going to have to come in and increase their risk of coronavirus exposure by coming into a medical office. If it’s something that looks like it needs to be cleaned up and we need to maybe cut away a little bit of devitalized tissue to help things heal, then we’ll have you come in. We’re evaluating on a patient by patient basis. Let me also backtrack a little bit and tell you what we’re doing in the office again in case you do still have to come in for an in-person visit. Let’s say you do have a wound healing problem or we’re worried about an infection, or anything that cannot be dealt with over telehealth. We, for many weeks now, have been following the most aggressive approaches in terms of minimizing patient risk in the office so please be prepared. The nurse and the physician wear masks and gloves. It’s not personal, it’s for everyone’s protection. Everything is cleaned with antiviral detergents between every patient visit. Patient visits are staggered so the only person (other than your medical team) who will be in the office when you’re there will be you, unless it’s impossible to avoid that situation. That’s always going to be the primary goal. If there’s someone else already in the office and you have to wait a little bit for the appointment then you’ll be asked to wait in your car, and we will text you or call you (whatever works best for you) when we are ready for you to come in. We’ve got this really streamlined now. We take this exceptionally seriously and we’re only going to be bringing you into the office if we absolutely have to.
Question: I am a five-year survivor with asthma and on tamoxifen. Am I considered high-risk?
Answer: Yes, anyone with a breathing issue like asthma, chronic bronchitis, COPD, smokers, anyone who vapes, are higher-risk. You don’t have to smoke cigarettes; it includes pot as well. Anything you inhale other than air increases your risk because it really decreases your capacity to deal with a pulmonary insult. Anything that attacks your lungs is going to have an easier time if your lungs are compromised because you inhale stuff you shouldn’t on a regular basis. We have seen a lot of younger folks be hospitalized and we think that some of that is the extent of vaping in that age group.
Question: I am two-weeks post-op double mastectomy with DIEP flap. Because of COVID-19, will my phase 2 surgery be delayed?
Answer: Yes, all surgeries are off right now. So yes, unfortunately your revision surgery will be delayed. For surgery in our practice, most breast reconstruction patients get a second stage, or ‘tune-up’ surgery. Step one, the first surgery, is about making patients physically whole again. The second surgery is about making them look as good as possible. This addresses symmetry issues, size discrepancy, contour issues after mastectomy, and maybe some unevenness and scarring. If you have had DIEP flap surgery, we address the belly scar to smooth things out and smooth out the belly contour; basically, make things look as good as possible, that is stage two. So yes, all stage two surgeries are also delayed.
Question: Since I was scheduled for this week, I have been following pre-op instructions, should I continue?
Answer: That’s a good question, some of them you’ll need to continue, others not so much. Please email your surgical team and go through the list to see which of those you really need to be continuing, and which of these you can put on hold for now.
Question: I am assuming that the length of time for a tissue expander placement is not a problem? I have some family members that are concerned I have had a tissue expander in place for 2 years, and now it is up in the air – is there a limit on how long the tissue expander can be in place?
Answer: No, if you’ve got a tissue expander in place and you are not having any issues, you can keep that in for as long as you need to. So no, it is not a medical concern. It doesn’t impact your health if you’ve got no problems with it whatsoever. Rest assured, there is no urgency from a medical standpoint or health perspective. I know you’re probably dying to get it out, but medically speaking you’re fine.
Question: Can you demonstrate proper hand washing?
Answer: I can try. Okay, take off your jewelry. Warm water and soap will do it. Quite frankly if you’re in the kitchen and you’ve got dish detergent, that will work too. Warm water, and you’ve got to wash your hands for at least 20 seconds. There have been some pretty amusing songs on social media of people picking different songs. Do whatever you need to do that lasts 20 seconds to guide you. You get your hands wet with warm water, add the soap or detergent, lather up, get a nice foam. I would treat this kind of like a pseudo-surgery scrub. You know when we prepare for surgery, we obviously do a lot more than this, but this is kind of a pseudo-surgical scrub. So once you’ve done that for a few seconds, focus on every finger, and both thumbs, all the way around each finger, all the way around both thumbs. Then you rub one hand on top of the other, because you need to do that to really get into the web-spaces. Every web-space, and then again on the other side once again to finish off. Then get your jewelry, rinse that and wash it really well. This ring is metal, and the virus can live on metal for several days as we discussed earlier. So wash It really well, then put it back on and dry your hands. That’s it! 20 seconds, warm water, with soap!
Question: What is the optimal BMI for DIEP flap surgery?
Answer: Good Question. The optimal is high 20’s from a surgeon standpoint. When you get up to 25, this is the normal BMI, as DIEP flap surgeons, we like when patients are a little bit heavier, it’s a little bit easier to get more volume obviously. However, I wouldn’t encourage gaining weight. I really avoid doing that at all costs just to make someone a candidate for surgery. Some people are happier at a slightly higher weight and that is just fine. It gets harder to do DIEP flaps when the BMI starts to get down towards 20. Most women can still get a DIEP flap with a BMI of 20, but a lot of it obviously depends on how you carry the tissue that you do have, and where it is on your body. Some ladies with a BMI of 21 that have had a couple of kids, and they’ve got a little pooch as they call it. I had a lady the other day that referred to it as a kangaroo pouch, which I hadn’t heard before but that works too. Anyway, some tissue that they wouldn’t mind getting rid of, if that is over the lower abdomen we can use it. Now ultimately, in addition to how you carry your tissue, another big factor is your breast size and what your expectations of final breast size are. Also, whether you will reconstruct one breast or two. So a lady who is very thin, who needs one breast reconstructed who wants to keep the other to preserve sensation, or because the risk of the other breast is low,… in that situation we can use all the lower tummy for just the one breast. That’s often referred to as a ‘stacked flap’. But even ladies having bilateral procedures, so both breasts, can often have DIEP flap surgery even though a lot of surgeons will say “oh, you’re too thin”, or “you’re not a candidate”. It really does depend on how you carry your tissue. Even lower BMI patients, in the low 20’s can still be DIEP flap candidates. We see a lot of people in our practice who have been told elsewhere that they’re not a candidate for DIEP flap surgery for a variety of reasons. Previous abdominal surgeries,… very few prevent DIEP flaps from being possible. Certain types of abdominal surgery, if you have had a previous full tummy tuck, you’re not going to be a DIEP flap candidate, or if you’ve had major abdominal reconstruction you probably won’t be a DIEP flap candidate. There are a couple of those instances that we’ve pulled off too, but it depends very much case-by-case. If you really feel that DIEP flap surgery is for your, and you definitely want to look into it, if you’ve been told you aren’t a good candidate; I strongly recommend a second opinion. A second opinion can never hurt, even if it’s just to confirm what your first opinion was, at least then you know. Please by all means hit us up for a second opinion. We are here for you. We see a lot of people and talk to a lot of people who want a second opinion. Please use the PRMA Virtual Consultation form if that’s something you feel would be helpful for you. The other thing about DIEP flap and BMI is we tend to push the envelope in terms of high BMI and that is based on work that came out of our practice. That is a study we did that was led by Dr. Ochoa. So we looked at complication rates, and we found that patients with a BMI of up to 40 are candidates for the procedure. Above a BMI of 40 the complication rates really uptick. So the higher the BMI, the higher the line goes (in an upward motion). The higher the BMI, the higher the risk of complications. When the BMI gets to 40, the line stops being a gradual increase and heads more vertically. Now again, it depends on how you carry your weight. There are some ladies who have a BMI of less than 40 but the way they carry their weight; their risk will be more like a lady who has a BMI of over 40, so it is very much a case-by-case decision. This is the guide, so we really try to get our patients below 40 for DIEP flap surgery, it is just safer for the patient.
Question: What different platforms are you using for telemedicine and is insurance covering telemedicine?
Answer: There are several platforms — Skype and FaceTime are the two most popular. We are able to do it in a way that we don’t document anything in either of those platforms. Everything is documented straight into our EMR (electronic medical records) from a HIPPA protection standpoint. Skype and FaceTime are the most common platforms that we are using. Most insurance plans are covering it, but please confirm with your specific insurance carrier, so Please do check with your individual insurance carriers and plans to make sure that is the case.
